Carrier current transmitter unit for electrically powered devices



R. J. THOMPSON ETAL CARRIER CURRENT TRANSMITTER UNIT FOR ELECTRICALLY POWERED DEVICES 1961 Feb. 8, i966 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Original Filed Jan. 31,

a m S R .4. E ONG N www. w WPS o T u :J NMO T IWL A TT m7 WM N mf RCB TNN /n/m .-N uuumn me me ax 8x Feb- 8, 1956 R J. THOMPSON VETAI. 3,234,543 CARRIER CURRENT TRANSMITTER UNIT FOR ELECTRICALLY POWERED DEVICES Original Filed Jan. 3l. 1961 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 mVENroRs HoMPsoN a LosHlNG RALPH J. T gYIrEMENT T.

ATTORNEYS CARRIER CURRENT TRANSMITTER lUNlT FR ELECTRICALLY POWERED DEVICES Ralph J. Thompson and Clement T. Loshing, both The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, R0. Box 5000, Cleveland, Ohio Original application Jan. 31, 1961, Ser. No. 86,046.

Divided and this application Jan. 13, 1964, Ser.

6 Claims. (Cl. 340-345) relation to time; and specifically there is here disclosed a carrier current system, method and means, of the general character and for the purposes described, as used for electric utility load studies or metering.

Systems for transmitting distinct sets of information to a remote single station for recording the same individually are well known to the prior art, as evidenced for example by the Swartzel et al. U.S. Patent 2,494,370, Rawlins U.S. Patent 2,904,682, and Cleaver et al. U.S. Patent 2,640,973 and the Atkinson et al. U.S. Patent 2,574,458 and by certain of the prior art cited therein. The use of carrier current transmission of data or information on the occurrence of an event or change of variable or variables measured, observed, or monitored at one or more locations and recorded at one central receiving station is also well known as evidenced, among other patents and publications, by the aforesaid Atkinson and Cleaver patents, Shepard US. Patent 2,312,127 and certain of the prior art therein cited.

The present invention, under one broad aspect of what is considered to be novel, proposes generating and transmitting a signal of characteristic frequency at each monitored point, upon the occurrence thereof a specified event or condition, to a central point of reception and recording, where it is used ultimately to apply the output of a continually operating corresponding pulse generator to a respective channel of a recording device having also a channel for recording locally generated time identifying or correlating pulses. One broad band receiver is used for all such transmitted signals, its output being commonly apr plied to filter means comprising a set ofsections or networks, each passing only that part of the receiver outputcorresponding to a particular transmitted signal-to a respective channel or circuit of control means to switch the output of a corresponding pulse generator into iis channel in the recording device. Although radio (i.e., electromagnetic radiation) transmission may be used, in the specically disclosed form or embodiment of the invention,

`carrier current transmission is used from the remote monitoring or metering points to the receiving-recording center.

Thus on a suitable recording medium, magnetic or paper tape for example, time pulses locally generated at a preset rate and lapplied to a longitudinal time channel on the tape, serve to identify the relative time of occurrences and 3,234, si? Patented Fels.. 8, i966 durations of an event at a monitored point for which a record is produced in another longitudinal tape channel; the actual time being available from information respecting the time at which the recording began. Further, where the event recorded in av tape channel is, for example, the operation of a constant delivery pump or of a constant rate of energy consumption device such as an electric lamp, and there is used a related pulse generator having a pulse frequency proportional to the pump delivery or energy consumption rate, information may be retrieved through suitable play-back and counting means (such as that disclosed in our U.S. Patent No. 2,960,266) in terms of overall amount of tiuid delivery or energy consumption over a period orsub-periods of recording, or in terms of Huid or energy rates or demands at various times of the record. The pulse generation of all pulse generators is not necessarily proportional in the sense of having a common proportionality or meter constant related to a time or linearfunction-of-time basis, but only rather that each generator produces pulses at a rate having a known relation to a rate involved in the event effecting operation of a corresponding transmitter. As to record medium, for some situations magnetic tape is preferred, since with it (see our herein mentioned patent) greater exibility of studied time interr vals is possible, for such may diiter from the time interval of the basic record.

Under another aspect of the'disclosure, there is believed to be present multiple inventive novelty by the provision (a) of a system adapted to use of a miniaturized form of transmitter, conducive to ease of and relatively inconspicuous installation at the site of an operation or variable to be monitored or metered, and (b) adapted to be powered from an electric utility line used for carrier current transmission.

ln the specific form of the invention hereinafter described, at each station or location of an event or variable to be monitored or metered, there is a transmitter operating noiselessly on minimum power derived from an electrical power line and transmitting into the line a signal received at a remote recording station, which transmitting is set into operation by, and for the duration of, an event or operation monitored or metered. More particularly the disclosed system is one observing the operation of de- -vices utilizing power from the supply line, such as an electrical utility line in a residence, plant or other building for in effect transmitting to a central recording location information on the load utilization or demand upon the utility system.

The invention is described in a particular form where it is desired over a period of time to obtain information on electrical energy utilization by various types of loads, namely, within a typical residence, the demand or load pattern upon the utility system by resistance loads such as lamps, electric ranges or by other types of loads throughout the average day.

Taking a typical residence as an example for this particular purpose, as many as forty individual transmitters might be located at various outlets throughout the domicile, which individually respond to demands at their respective outlets and transmit signals on the operation of the individual loads at such outlets on the utility system to a central recording station, which may bein or outside of that particular installation. Not ony lamps and receptacles or outlets for appliances or other uses in a domicile may be provided with transmitters, but also the trical supply line both for its own operating power and 4- for transmission of its particular signal to common tion center.

The system as such is quite exible. By the use at each i 4outlet or receptacle of a plug-in type transmitter.- into which in turn the lamp or other appliance is plugged, 7ipon use of the lamp, appliance or other serviced device, u signal is transmitted into the line at a respective distinc, frequency indicating the operation of the same.

In the case of built-in lighting or other built-in means of utilizing electrical energy a transmitter, likewise a miniaturized transmitter, is installed in a switch boit or other location in the circuit responding to energy utili zation to transmit a signal indicating the operation of the particular load. As a further means of responding to energy utilization, particularly by electric illumination devices, there may be used and is here disclosed a transmitter plugged into a receptacle or otherwise connected to the energy supply line and responsive to and set into operation by radiation from the load, such as a transmitter incorporating a photo-electric cell, which sees a particular lamp or radiating source or is responsive to some other physical change attendant upon the operation of the device monitored. y

In any event` in such a system all the transmitters pro vide signals of discrete frequencies for each load to a common receiver, applying an audio frequency output to a multi-channel filter network furnishing a distinct audio frequency' output channel for each load which it is desired to measure or monitor; the output of the receiver being comprised of components of distinct frequency for each operating transmitter. The output of each channel then is applied throughuitable amplifying and rectifying means to operate a corresponding relay means switching on and off to a recording head channel the signal or pulses of a corresponding continuously operating pulse generator, having a pulse' frequency correlated to the load level monitored by a specic transmitter device.

On the other hand thc respective channel outputs of such a system could conceivably be fed to individual recorders at the central station such as tape recorders or chart recorders, and where chart recorders are used with the rate of chart progression correlated to time, itself pro` viding a time co-ordinate on the chart itself, the generation and recording locally of time impulses would be unnecessary.

The record derived from such a system may be set up and utilized in various ways. For example, the outputs of several pulse generators could be applied to one common tape or recording device in respective channels or if desired to separate tapes, in each case the tape preferably having a time impulse channel for use in data translating to establish independently of tape speed the.

load or energy demand, or unequivocally over a selected period of time the total energy used. The iinal record, for example in the case of a magnetic tape may be either translated into a punch card form useful for, or fed directly as the input into a computer for load studies, demand studies, or total energy use for billing purposes.

- Although the system, method and means, is hereinafter described for a specific application of electrical utility load and energy consumption studies or measurement, it is to be understood that in broader aspects the present invention is applicable to other situations. Thus when one or more pumps or valves, are operated to deliver a iluid to respective consuming points at known rates,

the operation of a pump or of a valve will serve to trigger for a corresponding period a respective transmitter whereby at the recording station the proportional output of a corresponding pulse generator is applied to a corresponding and distinct channel in the record.

Among other and quite diversified applications might be mentionedl the monitoring of TV viewing. This may take vvarious forms. Individual residential installations may be provided wherein, for example, a plug-in type transmitter interposed between the outlet and the telev.. n set plug is connected to the television channel switch in such manner as to operate only when a particular channel is used. Signals so obtained then would be effective to switch on into a recording device remotely located pulse generating signals indicating the operation of the set on the selected channel in a manner specifically related to time pulse signals applied to the tape. In another form of application for television viewer monitoring, it is possible tha a component of the transmitting device be connected to the channel switch to be distinctly modified for each channel and thereby transmit a distinct signal to the receiving station identifying the channel then in use, which would of course be correlated with a time impulse or identifying channel.

A general object of the present invention is then the provision of a data and information transmitting system wherein the occurrence or duration of an event at one location serves to trigger the application of the output of a continuous rate pulse generator, correlated in an identifying or measuring sense to the transmitting location or event, to a recording device in a manner identified or identifiable with respect to time or as a rate with respect to time.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of a system and means for recording at one point data or information on events occurring at one or more remote points, which is adapted for ease of installation by rugged devices subjecting the system to minimal chance for malfunction and is adapted to be readily changed from one location to another. A further object is to provide a system which is adapted for low-power electro-magnetic radiation or carrier current transmission of data contcerning the occurrence and continuation of events from one or more points to a remote receiving and recording location. A still further object is the provision for the purposes described of compact and inconspicuous transmitters at each of the points of data observation or monitoring.

A still further object of the present invention is the provision of a system which will record, at a relatively remote location from the site or location of an event monitored, a rate involved in the event with respect to another variable having a known relation to time.

Other objects and advances will appear from the following description and the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a generalized or block diagram illustrative of one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. Z is a schematic diagram of one form of transmitter circuitry adapted for miniaturization and therefore as a relatively inconspicuous transmitter, plugged into an outlet or receptable and in turn itself serving as the receptacle for the plug of the lamp or other appliance to be monitored;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a transmitter responsive to a change in physical condition arising substantially instantaneously upon the operation of the load device monitored, here specifically to radiation such as light; and

FIG. 4 is a partially schematic, and partially block diagram for the receiving end of the system as generally indicated in FIG. l. v

One embodiment of the broader aspects of the invention is disclosed in FIG. 1- for a carrier current system of transmission wherein Xn, Xb, Xc are transmitter units deriving operating power or energy from and transmitting into an electric power line L their respective output signals,

,R grt,

which are received through suitable coupling means by a broad-band receiver V. Each transmitter operates at a separate and distinct radio frequency, relative to a common base frequency, providing a frequency band to which the device V is receptive. The receiver provides radio frequency amplification of the incoming signal or signals, and mixing of a locally generated signal say equal to the base frequency to provide an output including for eachtransmitted signal and audio-frequency output component corresponding to the difference of the transmitted signal from the base frequency.

The output of the receiver is then applied to a filter network F, having respective sections or channels each adapted to pass, or tuned to, a frequency corresponding .to the difference in frequency of a respective transmitter fromL the selected base frequency of the operating system. The respective outputs of the filter sections Fa, Fb and Fc are applied to respective channels or sections Ra, Rb, Rc of control or relay means R which in turn control the application of the output of continually operating pulse generators Pa, Pb, Pc to the corresponding sections Ha, Hb, Hc of a magnetic recording head H applying signal pulses to distinct parallel linear channels A, B, and C of a magnetic tape M. The pulse generators are each set at a frequency proportionate to or corresponding to a known or assumed wattage or volt-ampere load of the energy consuming devices monitored or observed by the corresponding transmitters. Furthermore, at'the recording station or receiving station ther(v is provided a local time pulse generator Pt which thfough. a

corresponding section of the recording head Iglt or a.

separate head applies time pulses on the magnetic tape in a distinct linear channel T.

Thus with time pulses applied in the time channel T of the recording medium such as a tape at successive equal time intervals and with load impulses applied in each load data channel having a specified relation to the known or assumed wattage or voltage-ampere load demand-of the device monitored, or a known relation of the time impulse designations in the time channel to calendar time, there is provided a record translatable, as described in our aforementioned patent, into overall energy consumption for each channel, or for purposes of load study on a utility system, a record of energy def mand for each appliance at all periods through the day.

Assuming for example a seven megacycle base frequency for operation, Xa, Xb, Xc might have a 7 mc.+300,. 7 mc.+900 and 7 mc.+2,700 transmitted frequencies. The receiver V may then convert the signals from the line into a composite lower frequency output covering, for example, the band from 300 to 10,000 cycles. This output being applied to the filter means F, each filter section Fa, Fb, Fc will provide, during the time ofoperation of the related transmitter, an output which at a control means with suitable amplificationand rectificationas hereinafter described is suitable to energize switching means applying the proper pulse generator output to a recording head section.

In FIG. 2 appears in schematic form a signal generator or transmitter adapted for-use in this system and to be embodied in a miniaturized inconspicuous plug-1n form by utilization of commercially available miniature components (for a physical formhaving dimensions on the order of 21/2 inches long and 1% inch diameter, and a few ounces weight) or of sub-miniature components. At opposite ends of a suitable casing are located the male or line plug of screw-in element and a load socket CII state rectifier diode 26 and resistors 27 and 28; the filter capacitor 30 connected from a point between diode 26 and resistor 27 to conductor 29; and the voltage regulating Zener diode 3l connected from a point between resistor 27 and base bias resistor 23 to conductor 29; comprise an automatic voltage-regulated rectifying and filtering circuit providing power for operation of the transmitter. The oscillator frequency controlling quartz crys tals 32 connected between the transistor base and collector, and the inductance coil 33 connected between the collector and the positive side of the power supply (i.e., a point between resistors 27, 28), with the variable output coupling capacitor 34 connected from the collector to line conductor 22, leading to vthe ungrounded side of the supply line, comprise the rest of the transmitter.

Hence upon turning on a load 35, such as a lamp plugged into transmitter socket 21 by operation of lamp switch 36, the transmitter is energized by load current ti-owing through the primary -of transformer 24, and the RF energy produced in the tank circuit provided by resistor 28, coil 33 and the collector and base under the frequency control of crystal 32, is coupled through capacitor 3ft to line 22 and, because of the frequencies involved, capacitively through windings of transformer 24 to line 23. Setting of capacitor 34 serves to obtain most etiicient coupling. The signal generator circuitry of FIG. 2 is also adaptable for a unit to beincluded in the box of a wall switch (or even the load device itself) with the transformer primary inserted in a line conductor controlled by the switch or supplying the receptacle and with capacitor 34 coupling into the same line 23, the conductor 22 not then appearing.

As a variant on a system herein described using transmitters of the type described for FIG. 2, in a situation where separate circuits are used for each separately operable load, several transmitters may be used at one location, such as a distribution panel lbox in a preferably inconspicuous place. Also even for individual load points for which the load may assume stepped values as in the case of a three-way lamp, there may be used a transmitter device of plural frequency output, wherein the4 device is actuated by each step" load value to produce a signal of distinct frequency, and thereby switch a selected one of a plurality of pulse generators into one recording head section.

In FIG. 3 there is represented, in manner similarto that of FIG. 2, a transmitter adapted again to embodiment in inconspicuous form and to be plugged into or otherwise connected to the power supply line at a location where it will see radiant energy, such as light, arising upon operation of a load to be monitored. Elements analogous to those in FIG. 2 are designated by like numerals, and the oscillator circuit is essentially identical. However, a transducer, such as a small cadmium sulfide photocell 40 justaposed to a window or operiing in the transmitter casing, is used to sense the operation of the load. One prong of the plug 20 is connected by the conductor 39 to the transistor emitter, and the other throughconductor 39 to rectifier diode 26 between which and one side of he winding of potentiometer 41 is connected in series the photocell 40. The other side of the potentiometer is joined to conductor 29 and its slide arm commonly with one side each of filter capacitor 30 and Zener voltage regulator diode 31 to the base bias resistor 28. The potentiometer setting serves to determine as needed the response of the transmitter to the necessary level of radiation for operation and thereby transmittal of the generated signal through coupling capacitor 34 to conductor 39 and the power line in the manner previously described for FIG. 2. But alternatively a heat sensitive device for example might be used, such as a thermocouple network or element.

Because of the relative small use of D.C. distribution systems the aforegoing transmitters, with a transformer as the power coupling device, are detailed as preferred forms, rutherthan D.C. transmitter units using a low value` resistor in position corresponding to 'the primary as the power coupling device, across which a low D.C. voltage is developed and automatically regulated by Zener diode means without need of the rectifier and filter circuitry.

FIG. 4' illustrates the receiving and recording end of the system, V being the broad band receiver coupled to the utility power line and having its output stage coupled to each of the sections Fa, Fb, Fc of the iiltcr ons F. Although a commercially available Collins 754i i receiver has been successfully used, simplified receiver circuitry could obviously be sufficient; and a transistorized version could be used if indicated by space or power requirements. Each section of the filter F includes a transformer 35' to the primary of which the output of V is applied with the secondary connected through an appropriately tuned, here a T-type, network (comprising for the low-pass 300 cycle output channel or section the inductances 46 47 and capacitor 48) across a resistor 52 to a respective section of control `or relay rreans R. The other band pass sections of F are of course modified as may be expedient to obtain tuning to other receiver output components corresponding to the distinct frequencies of the monitoring transmitters, as by change of the values of iniductanes or capacitor corresponding to do, 47, 48 and by the inclusion of capacitors as at 49, 5t) in section Fb. The: last section may of course be a high-pass filter.

in the control means R, each section may be similar to that shown in detail for Ra, comprising a coupling or input transformer 5i with primary bridged by the resistor 52, and secondary bridged by a sensitivity adjusting potentiometer 53, whereof one end of the resistance winding is connected as shown, to the primary of 5l to the negative or ground side of power supply Y, and, `through ivy-pass capacitor S and bias resistor 55, to the cathode of a triode vacuum tube S7 with the potentiometer arm or slide connected to the grid of 57. The plata of tube 57 is-connected through the total resistance of load resistor 58 and isolating resistor 59 to the positive side of a power supply, with the by-pass capacitor oil connected between ground and the common point of 53, 59.

The outputpf the above described amplifier circuitry of tube S7 developed across resistor 58 is applied through the coupling and rectifying network comprised of coupling capacitor 61, diode 62, the resistor o3 and capacitor ed to the grid-cathode circuit of the second triode tube o5 to produce, when the corresponding transmitter-therefore, load-is operating, a direct current output across the load resistor 6o which, being supplied to the solenoid of relay 67, closes the contacts thereof to apply the output of the continuously operating pulse generator Pe to a corresponding section of the recording head, or a separate recording head. Here again the vacuum tube circuitry could be modified for transistor operation.

The pulse generators Pa, Pb, Pc are essentially identical and comprise the components shown in FiG, 4 and here described for Pa. The actual pulse generation may be considered under one aspect as the continual mechanical action of the opening and closing of the contacts of a relay or solenoidally operated switch 7u, which are connected in series with a charged capacitor in the recording unit, the contacts of relay 67 and a corresponding channel or section of the recording head H, the opening and closing of 70 and rate thereof being determined by the circuitry to be described. A power source, such as the full wave rectifier '73 for energization of the `solenoid of 70`and of' a timing circuit has one side, the positive side, connected directly to one end of the solenoid in 79, and other side to the collector of a transistor 75` and to the movable Contact arm of a oi-polar solenoidally operated relay or switch 72, so that with the remaining side of the solenoid in 70 connected to the fixed Contact 72a, upon each closure on 72a, the contacts in 7G are closed, presenting in efect a constantly generated signal available to be through contact 72a, one end of the solenoid in 72 is connected to the positive side of 73, and the other end to the emitter of transistor 75, of which the collector is connected to the negative side of the power supply, and the base, through base bias resistor 76 in series with the RC timing network, comprised of the parallel connected re sistance winding of potentiometer 77 and capacitor 78, baci; to the positive side of supply 73. The common point ot' 7i?, 'i7 and 7S is connected to the slide arm of (for variation of the network time constant) and to the fixed contact 72b.

ln this arrangement, with relay 72 closed upon 72b, capacitor 78 charges to a point where the emitter-collector circuit conducts (to energize the solenoid in 72opening 72b and closing on 72a to cause switch movement or pulse at 7u) until the pre-set timed discharge of 78 cuts off conduction causing 72 to open at 72b and `close upon 72a; which as a timed repeated action produces the described type of pulse generation for application to the recording head.

The time pulse generator preferably is comprised of a known type including electric contacts actuated, by an electric cloclt or synchronous motor-driven cam means, to discharge a charged capacitor into head channel Ht giving a time pulse at pre-selected intervals and in the intervening open contact time toY permit the capacitor to recharge from a current source such as a rectifier circuit.

Obviously under the broad aspects of the system other forms of pulse generators, filter networks and control means might be used; so also other types of recording heads adapted toa desired record medium other than magnetic tape; and also other forms of transmitters. F urther at the receiver a noise amplifier could be used with proper phase relation to cancel unwanted noise outside the band used.

We claim:

i. For use in a system recording at sacentral station data respecting operation of electrically powered devices, a transmitter unit adapted to inconspicuous plug-in installation at an electrical energy supply outlet and in turn to receive the power cord plug of one of said devices; said unit including plug means adapted to said outlet and receptacle means for the power cord plug, the two said means being connected by conductors for passage of power to the device; a crystal controlled oscillator circuit providing a radio frequency output signal upon application of a power supply demand by said device; means, including a power coupling device having a conductive portion included in one of said conductors, adapted to provide a transmitter DC. power supply energized upon drawing of power by said one device through the unit.

2. A unit as described in claim 1 including automatic voltage regulating means interposed between said power supplyand oscillator circuit.

3. A transmitter as described in claim 1 wherein the output of said oscillator is coupled to a second said conductor, and thereby to the electric line servicing said outlet as a carrier current transmission line.

d. For use in a system recording at acentral station data respecting operation of electrically powered devices, a transrnitter unit adapted to inconspicuous plug-in installation at an electrical energy supply outlet and in turn to receive the power cord plug of one of said devices; said unit including plug means adapted to said outlet and receptacle means for the power cord plug, the two said means being connected by conductors for passage of power to the device; a crystal controlled oscillator circuit providing a radio frequency output signal upon application of a power supply demand by said device; transformer means; one of said conductors including the primary of said transformer means; rcctifying and filtering circuit 9 10 means connected with the secondary of the transformer References Cited by the Examiner to provide therewith a transmitter power supply energized UNITED STATES PATENTS b th h drawing 0f power y Said one devl rug the 2,183,725 12/1939 Seeley 340 310 5. A unit as described in claim 4 including automatic 5 2'312'127 2/1943 Shepard r 340-310 2,660,662 11/ 1953 Scherbatskoy 340-207 XR voltage regulating means interposed between said power supply and Oscillator circuit 2,957,046 10/1960 Freeman et al. 340-150 XR 6. A transmitter as described in claim 4 wherein the 3135573 6/1964 Thompson et al' 346`49 XR output of said oscillator is coupled to a second conductor, THOMAS B HABECKER ACH-ng Primary Examiner and thereby tothe electric line servicing said outlet as a 10 carrier current transmission line. NEIL C- READ, Examiner- 

1. FOR USE IN A SYSTEM RECORDING AT A CENTRAL STATION DATE RESPECTING OPERATION OF ELECTRICALLY POWERED DEVICES, A TRANSMITTER UNIT ADAPTED IN INCONSPICUOUS PLUG-IN INSTALLATION AT AN ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY OUTLET AND IN TURN TO RECEIVE THE POWER CORD PLUG OF ONE OF SAID DEVICES; SAID UNIT INCLUDING PLUG MEANS ADAPTED TO SAID OUTLET AND RECEPTACLE MEANS FOR THE POWER CORD PLUG, THE TWO SAID MEANS BEING CONNECTED BY CONDUCTORS FOR PASSAGE OF POWER TO THE DEVICE; A CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT PRO- 